[116], The relatively rapid changes from cold conditions to warm interglacials are called. The violent weather patterns of the Younger Dryas were discovered through the Greenland Ice Cores in the 1990s. He was expecting to put the Younger Dryas impact theory to rest by showing that, 12,800 years ago, levels of metals that asteroid impacts tend to spread did not spike. The glacial geomorphology of the Loch Lomond Stadial in Britain: a map and geographic information system resource of published evidence. tooltips[i].tip.parentNode.removeChild(tooltips[i].tip); var setCookie = function(name, value) { , 150 , , "!" Contemporaneous changes of climate and environment in more southerly regions were variably expressed. } document.cookie = name + '=' + value + '; expires=' + now + ';path=/'; validate_field(this, true); The thinking is that as the ice age ended and the enormous Laurentide ice sheet atop . Today, we are blessed with technology that allows swift recording of geological land features. addEvent(window, 'scroll', resize_tooltips); remove ? In contrast to the Younger Dryas Meteor Impact theory, an unsettled scientific study many proponents of Atlantis lately use to explain how Atlantis was lost, there is a more verifiable scientific explanation behind the flood that is said to have destroyed (the Cyclades Plateau) Plato's Atlantis. Interpretations of data from Chinese also confirm that the Younger Dryas East Asia lags the North Atlantic Younger Dryas cooling by at least 200~300years. The glacier outlines were reconstructed in Bickerdike et al (2018a) using a number of key landforms: moraines, meltwater channels, drift limits, and trimlines. [91] Pollen record from the Siskiyou Mountains suggests a lag in timing of the Younger Dryas, indicating a greater influence of warmer Pacific conditions on that range,[92] but the pollen record is less chronologically constrained than the aforementioned speleothem record. No, the dates are all wrong for that. The Younger Dryas, which occurred circa 12,900 to 11,700 years BP, was a return to glacial conditions which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which lasted from circa 27,000 to 20,000 years BP. The YD is an invaluable case study: it . Thousands of square miles of vegetation were completely washed away as well as intense amounts of soil and sediment. [52] The effects of sudden cooling in the North Atlantic had strong regional effects in North America, with some areas experiencing more abrupt changes than others. Although the interpretation of the data is more murky and ambiguous, the end of the Younger Dryas and the start of Holocene warming likely were similarly delayed in Japan and in other parts of East Asia. [106], There is now compelling evidence for repeated, but highly variable, discharges of meltwater with contemporaneous changes in Atlantic circulation during the last glacial cycle. Changes in pollen spectra from the eastern seaboard (see below . Its named after a flower found in Europe that flourished in the ice age period. I am a Senior Lecturer at Newcastle Univeristy, specialising in glaciology and glacial geology. no_error = false; 1 ). The end of the Younger Dryas has been dated to around 11,550years ago, occurring at 10,000BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon year), a "radiocarbon plateau" by a variety of methods, mostly with consistent results: The International Commission on Stratigraphy put the start of the Greenlandian stage, and implicitly the end of the Younger Dryas, at 11,700years before 2000. [54], The effects of the Younger Dryas cooling affected the area that is now New England and parts of maritime Canada more rapidly than the rest of the present day United States at the beginning and the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone. This can help to reconstruct the ice surface. [64][65] Although there was not as abrupt a delineation as seen on the Eastern Seaboard, the Midwest was significantly colder in the northern interior than it was south, towards the warmer climatic influence of the Gulf of Mexico. var needs_validate = function(el) { resize_tooltip(tooltip) : false; wrapper.className = '_form-inner'; [7][8] Measurements of oxygen isotopes from the GISP2 ice core suggest the ending of the Younger Dryas took place over just 40~50years in three discrete steps, each lasting five years. T1 - The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis: review of the impact evidence. ( CC BY-SA 2.0 ) But if this is true, then the Carolina Bay impacts must be coincident with a mass extinction of fauna, especially in North America, and also coincident with a major change in the climate of the . A team of researchers have uncovered evidence that a Mega-Flood, or series of megafloods, from beneath the Ice Age Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped the Bahama Islands. A cluster of comet fragments believed to have hit Earth nearly 13,000 years ago may have shaped the origins of human civilization, a controversial theory suggests. }; } The change to glacial conditions at the onset of the Younger Dryas in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, between 12,900 and 11,500calibrated yearsBP, has been argued to have been quite abrupt. In northern Scotland, the glaciers were thicker and more extensive than during the Younger Dryas. };

You can zoom in on a selected area by pressing Shift and drawing a box with your mouse (SHIFT and DRAG). tooltip ? }); Share this post. [43] Timing of the tropical counterpart to the Younger Dryas, the Deglaciation Climate Reversal (DCR), is difficult to establish as low latitude ice core records generally lack independent dating over the interval. if (! Journal of Maps, 12(5), 11781186. if (!value.match(/^[\+_a-z0-9-'&=]+(\.[\+_a-z0-9-']+)*@[a-z0-9-]+(\.[a-z0-9-]+)*(\. Paleobotanical and lithostratigraphic studies of Swedish and Danish bog and lake sites, as in the Allerd clay pit in Denmark, first recognized and described the Younger Dryas. if (no_error && /date_field/.test(elem.className)) { Clicking a feature will select it, and bring up a popup. has been compiled by Paul & Hazel Delcourt. dating e.preventDefault(); The Younger Dryasthe last major cold episode on Earthis generally considered to have been triggered by a meltwater flood into the North Atlantic. years ago is complicated by the fact that in some areas there was a cold and arid event that correlates with the 'Younger Dryas' cold event in Europe. and tamarack (Larix laricina) boreal forests that later changed rapidly to temperate, more broad-leaf tree forest conditions at the end of the Younger Dryas period. The cold snap lasted only about 1,200 years a mere blip, in geologic time. The most accepted theory of how the North American glaciers melted is the ice-dam burst theory. The Younger Dryas was the last stage of the Pleistocene epoch that spanned from 2,580,000 to 11,700 years BP and it preceded the current, warmer . The hypothesis first emerged in 2007, and maintains that around 12,800 years ago there . In fitting the sea level curve, the shallowest A. palmata were assumed to be living closer to the sea surface than those plotting deeper and are used as guide points to generate a "best fit" curve. new_tooltip.no_arrow = true; It is best seen in the Greenland ice cores, although it had very marked consequences over Europe, North America, and as far as New Zealand. var rect = tooltip.elem.getBoundingClientRect(); Proxy data recorded in the stalagmite indicate that more than 550calibrated years were needed for Younger Dryas drought conditions to reach their full extent in the region and about 450calibrated years to return to pre-Younger Dryas levels after it ended.[41]. Trimlines form at the ice surface in valleys; the area below the trimline was covered in glacier ice and wasa subjected to glacial erosion. document.querySelector('[id^="_form"][id$="_submit"]').disabled = false; Some researchers represent the shape and distribution of individual moraine mounds as polygons, whilst others record only ridge crests as line features or just general areas of hummocky moraine. } else if (elem.type =='checkbox') { [55][56][57][58] Proxy indicators show that summer temperature conditions in Maine decreased by up to 7.5C. if (!tooltips[i].no_arrow) resize_tooltip(tooltips[i]); Kent Mayeux. What theories have been proposed to explain the cooling during the Younger Dryas. if (!submitted) { if (results != undefined) { We are a media platform blending modern science with ancient legacy to untie the biggest mysteries known to man. }; In other areas, water rose roughly up to 1,200 feet above sea . if (validate_form()) { JRI The geological patterns, in his opinion, showed an incredibly large flood of prehistory which occurred due to the ice sheet melted suddenly. You can also zoom by scrolling with your mouse, or by using the + and buttons. [89] Speleothem records indicate an increase in precipitation in southern Oregon,[83][90] the timing of which coincides with increased sizes of pluvial lakes in the northern Great Basin. Recent study proposed that the snowfall could be a source of continuous freshwater resulting in a prolonged weakened state of the AMOC. UK + serialized + '&jsonp=true'); sea ice Ice-marginal meltwater channels often form where the ice is thin and cold-based, and frozen to the substrate. }; [88] On the Olympic Peninsula, a mid-elevation site recorded a decrease in fire, though forest persisted and erosion increased during the Younger Dryas, suggesting cool and wet conditions. Evidence has been mounting for over a century and has tipped the possibility of a single catastrophic flooding event could have pre-empted the end of the ice age. Turn on the satellite imagery and see if the students can view the landforms for themselves. Effects of the Younger Dryas were of varying intensity throughout North America. The Younger Dryas Cold Event (ca. And that means the findings may also represent the trigger for the Younger Dryas. } Then . [Measurements] firmly date the [Laacher See eruption] to 13,006 9calibrated years before present (BP; taken as AD1950), which is more than a century earlier than previously accepted. decodeURIComponent(results[1]) : false; The Antarctic Cold Reversal appears to have started a thousand years before the Younger Dryas and has no clearly defined start or end; Peter Huybers has argued that there is a fair confidence in the absence of the Younger Dryas in Antarctica, New Zealand and parts of Oceania. if (elem.getAttribute('required') !== null) { [94][95] The cold and dry Younger Dryas arguably lowered the carrying capacity of the area and forced the sedentary early Natufian population into a more mobile subsistence pattern. [16], Since 1916 and the onset and the subsequent refinement of pollen analytical techniques and a steadily-growing number of pollen diagrams, palynologists have concluded that the Younger Dryas was a distinct period of vegetational change in large parts of Europe during which vegetation of a warmer climate was replaced by that of a generally cold climate, a glacial plant succession that often contained Dryas octopetala. WAIS "); Fieldwork form.querySelector('._form-content').style.display = 'none'; glacier recession var wrapper = document.createElement('div'); (2016, 2018a, 2018b). The graphic shows the vast swathe of our planet that geologists call the Younger Dryas Boundary Field. _load_script(trackcmp_url); There has long been a fair amount of skepticism about the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis, to put it lightly. if (no_error && elem.name == 'email') { [61] West of the Appalachians, in the Ohio River Valley and south to Florida rapid, no-analog vegetation responses seem to have been the result of rapid climate changes, but the area remained generally cool, with hardwood forest dominating. var results = new RegExp(regexStr).exec(allInputs[i].name); } else { was the most recent of these events that has received widespread attention among the scientific community (). A total of about 7 million cubic meters of glacial ice-covered prehistoric earth. Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean. According to the changes, the Younger Dryas occurred as early as around 12,900~13,100calibrated years ago along latitude 5654N. A number of theories have been put forward about the cause, and the most widely supported by scientists is that the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, which transports warm water from the Equator towards the North Pole, was interrupted by an influx of fresh, cold water from North America into the Atlantic. During the Younger Dryas period there was an unexplained extinction of 75% of the North American megafauna. } else if (input.tagName == 'SELECT') { What would the proposed advanced civilization be like in the Young Dryas? Despite a relatively illogical number, this theory remains accepted today. hydrology Its size compared with man on road at left. Studies now reveal that Western Canada was ice-free some 14 000 years ago. 12.9-11.6 ka) has long been viewed as the canonical abrupt climate event ( [Fig. It doesnt explain how the much, much larger Laurentide Ice sheet vanished in a geological blink of an eye. 3) would open a corridor from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean during the . head.appendChild(script); The precise timing of the abrupt Younger Dryas onset is still uncertain. During the 20th century, Bretz painstakingly built evidence on the ground with little access to helicopter or satellite technology. Bickerdike, H. L., Evans, D. J. addEvent(window, 'resize', resize_tooltips); [108][109] It is often noted that the Younger Dryas is merely the last of 25 or 26 such major episodes (Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) events) over the past 120 thousand years. window._show_error = function(id, message, html) { extinction episode wiping the Woolly mammoths, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6364/781, http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/143/1/171, https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70041337, How Earth Periods and Ice Ages Guide Climate Change, The Evidence for the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, The Younger Dryas Event and the Prehistoric Period Extinction, How to Practice Taoism with a 5-Step Color Meditation, 20 Ways to Heal Pineal Gland Calcification & Open the Third Eye, HOP Podcast #23: Walter Cruttended on Precession,Binary Star and Yuga Cycles, Ancient wisdom merged with modern science. However, he never attempted to explain the cause of the catastrophic event to melt the ice so rapidly. He inspired a generation of researchers to have another look at evidence left by end of the ice age. The Younger Dryas was the most severe and long lasting of several interruptions to the warming of the Earth's climate, and it was preceded by the Late Glacial Interstadial, an interval of relative warmth that lasted from 14,670 to 12,900 BP. Credit: Izhar Cohen. First, the plotting of data by Bard and others suggests a small drop, less than 6m, in sea level near the onset of the Younger Dryas. [104][105] The global climate would then have become locked into the new state until freezing removed the fresh water "lid" from the North Atlantic. After an examination of laminated varve sequences, Muschitiello and Wohlfarth found that the environmental changes that define the beginning of the Younger Dryas are diachronous in their time of occurrence according to latitude. Climatic change in the central Andes during the DCR, however, was significant and was characterized by a shift to much wetter and likely colder conditions. [38], Although the start of the Younger Dryas is regarded to be synchronous across the North Atlantic region, recent research concluded that the start of the Younger Dryas might be time-transgressive even within there. One suggestion is that the jet stream shifted northward in response to the changing topographic forcing of the melting North American ice sheet, which brought more rain to the North Atlantic, which freshened the ocean surface enough to slow the thermohaline circulation. return false; } else if (value === undefined || value === null || value === '') { In order to remove such a large body of ice during this time period, an enormous amount of energy is required. var addEvent = function(element, event, func) { var oldFunc = element['on' + event]; This article presents evidence that the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH) is a twenty-first century case. Flood maps show how likely it is for an area to flood. [28] Various paleoclimatic records from ice cores, deep-sea sediments, speleothems, continental paleobotanical data, and loesses show similar abrupt climate events, which are consistent with Younger Dryas events, during the terminations of the last four glacial periods (see DansgaardOeschger event). Journal of Quaternary Science, 33(1), 154. Sea levels were much lower and the continents were unlike they are today. BP) in the Luka profile; this may have been related to the . New evidence, however, is revealing that prehistoric earth faced far more violent conditions. The Older Dryas was a stadial (cold) period between the Blling and Allerd interstadials (warmer phases), about 14,000 years Before Present), towards the end of the Pleistocene. } patagonia Giant boulder in Eastern Washington carried by ice during the Missoula Flood. Does anyone live near to any glacial landforms? for (var i = 0; i < tooltips.length; i++) { The Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis is highly controversial. selected = false; Your email address will not be published. An example of this is the Sajama ice core (Bolivia), for which the timing of the DCR has been pinned to that of the GISP2 ice core record (central Greenland). } } From these data, Bickerdike et al. The 1300-year-long Younger Dryas cold reversal (12,900-11,600 cal BP) is seen most clearly in Greenland ice cores. // Site tracking URL to use after inline form submission. elem.className = elem.className + ' _has_error'; e.preventDefault(); window._load_script = function(url, callback) { if (!selected) { Changes in temperature were found to be a staggering ten degrees Celsius in 10 years. This time slice constitutes part of the period between 57,000 & 24,000 years ago (Oxygen Isotope . tooltip = create_tooltip(elem, "Please select an option. allInputs[i].value = fieldVal; var allInputs = form_to_submit.querySelectorAll('input, select, textarea'), tooltips = [], submitted = false;

(function() { var input = allInputs[i]; [40], Similarly, an analysis of a stalagmite growing from a cave in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan, the Philippines, found that the onset of the Younger Dryas was also delayed there. Encourage them to use all the functions and investigate the glacial landforms themselves. We're talking 40mm per year and cannot really be described as a cataclysmic global Great Flood as far as the data suggests. The size of the geological scar on the land was so large that the geologist community estimated it to burst as much as seven times. } https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1145149. At this time (12,900 to 11,700 years ago), there was a period of abrupt cooling. One of these new ideas is the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis. (_above|_below) ?/g, '') + ' _above'; err.parentNode.removeChild(err) : false; })(input); var radios = form_to_submit.elements[el.name]; var serialized = _form_serialize(document.getElementById('_form_1_')); Circle denotes the size of the temperature change. var results = new RegExp(regexStr, 'i').exec(window.location.href); Noah and the Younger Dryas Did an asteroid cause the flood mentioned in the OT. arrow.className = '_error-arrow'; [107] The latest research, supported by general circulation model simulations, suggests that AMOC variations also depend on other factors and nonlinear forcings such as internal variability and changes in the carbon cycle, but that freshwater forcing is dominant. (2016, 2018a, 2018b). } for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) { Rothera } There are three moraine shapefiles in the Younger Dryas Glacial Map. }; this.value = this.value.trim(); The term 'IO' is my abbreviation for the 'Impacting Object' that . introductory The evidence includes moraines, drift and boulder limits, drift benches, periglacial trimlines, meltwater channels, eskers, striations and roches moutonnes, protalus ramparts and ice-dammed lakes. One so . The area where the city of Missoula now stands was then under 950 feet of water. The Earth's climate system during the last glacial and the deglaciation periods was characterized by a series of millennial-scale extreme events of a global extent ().The Younger Dryas (YD) (nominally 12,900 to 11,600 y before present [B.P. I had a go at creating a map of what the Earth would have looked like just before the Younger Dryas event. The date given by Plato for the destruction of Athens and Atlantis is the end of the Younger Dryas, ~11,600 years ago. inner.className = '_error-inner'; } . script.src = url; } else { The Younger Dryas return to a cold, glacial climate was first considered to be a regional event restricted to Europe, but later studies have shown that it was a world-wide event. var form = document.getElementById('_form_' + id + '_'), err = document.createElement('div'), button = form.querySelector('button'), old_error = form.querySelector('._form_error'); 11,810-11,160 cal. All North American megafauna was wiped out precisely 12,900 years ago, at the very beginning of the Younger Dryas Ice Age period. validate_field(this, true); if (elems[i].getAttribute('required') === null) continue; script.type = 'text/javascript'; Its end has been inferred to have occurred over a period of a decade or so,[18] but the onset may have even been faster. Bateman MD, Dallimore SR, Teller JT, Yang Z. _load_script("//d3rxaij56vjege.cloudfront.net/form-serialize/0.3/serialize.min.js", function() { } The Younger Dryas The Younger Dryas is one of the most well-known examples of abrupt change. [17], In addition to the Younger, Older, and Oldest Dryases, a century-long period of colder climate, similar to the Younger Dryas in abruptness, has occurred within both the Blling oscillation and the Allerd oscillation interstadials. [102], The Younger Dryas is thought to have been caused primarily by significant reduction or shutdown of the North Atlantic "Conveyor" which circulates warm tropical waters northward as the consequence of deglaciation in North America and a sudden influx of fresh water from Lake Agassiz. Has anyone been to anywhere on holiday that might have been glaciated during the Younger Dryas glaciation? N2 - Firestone et al., 2007, PNAS 104(41): 16016-16021, proposed that a major cosmic impact, circa 10,835 cal. _load_script('https://humanoriginproject.activehosted.com/proc.php?' But the evidence suggests it is not improbable that a large meteorite struck the earth as recently as 12,800 years ago, with widespread . if (elem.type == 'radio' || (elem.type == 'checkbox' && /any/.test(elem.className))) { 1] [1]). The circle shows you where you are. (function(el) { } else if (input.type == 'textarea'){ The Younger Dryas starts at about 12,900 BP (10,950 BC). When James . 1) thermohaline circulation: ocean currents are continually exchanged. } if (elem.type != 'radio' && elem.type != 'checkbox') { submitted = true; As a result, it often falls as snow at high latitudes and is stored in large bodies of ice. In the past five million years, the biggest cataclysmic event that's ever been recorded, happened 12,800 years ago, ending 11,600 years ago. It describes gradual and repeated bursting of glacial lakes in North America that eventually lead to the loss of the North American Icecap. The left and right arrows take you to the past or next extent. Tick the check box in the Select Tool drop-down menu for the layer that you want to select. During this period, the temperatures in Greenland suddenly started to drop. selected = false; Geography Map. Your email address will not be published. validate_field(elem) ? Data revealed that the Younger Dryas was a spectacular chapter in earth's prehistory. Meltwater channels can therefore help to determine the location of the ice margin, and also determine the nature and style of glaciation. Such an event would fit with a single flood due to a large amount of energy dispersed. In the late Younger Dryas, the flood activity increased, which resulted in covering the valley floor with a thick layer of sandy and silty sandy overbank alluvia. } erosion From 19 000 years, the Earth began to warm. } } r = true; }; Because it is only one of many such events, mainstream scientists have not attempted to attribute it to a unique cause and the basic AMOC/abrupt climate-change (AMOC/ACC) hypothesis continues to be supported by current work on this subject. return no_error; The square box makes the map full-screen; press escape to return. This continued until around 12000 years when it was violently thrown back into an ice age for 1100 years. thereby dating the onset of the Younger Dryas to 12,807 12calibrated years BP, which is around 130years earlier than thought. Climate warming is expected to result in rising sea level. [60] During the Younger Dryas, the Southeastern United States was warmer and wetter than the region had been during the Pleistocene[61][53][62] because of trapped heat from the Caribbean within the North Atlantic Gyre caused by a weakened Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Other lines of evidence also suggest Hiawatha could be the Younger Dryas impact. A complementary drop in the 18 O in shells from the St. Lawrence Valley at the onset of the Younger Dryas would provide support for the Lake Agassiz flood scenario. You can view the selected features in the Attribute Table, by clicking on the three little dots on the right of the Select drop-down menu. Do the geological scars across North America suggest a Younger Dryas flood? Partway through this transition, temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere suddenly returned to near-glacial conditions. addEvent(input, 'input', function() { Sea level rise Meltwater channels were formed by the passage of water and can form under the glacier (subglacial), in front of the glacier (proglacial) or on the valley side, between the glacier and any valley sides (ice-marginal). Giant ripples averaging 24 feet high in Washington Scablands created by Missoula Flood (also called Spokane Flood) were up to 360 feet between crests. no_error = elem.checked; for (var i = 0; i < elem.options.length; i++) { The Younger Dryas was the last stage of the Pleistocene epoch that spanned from 2,580,000 to 11,700 years BP and it preceded the current, warmer Holocene epoch. err.appendChild(div); Depending on the specific ice core analysis consulted, the Younger Dryas is estimated to have lasted 1,150~1,300years. Researchers have discovered new evidence to support the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis, which postulates that a fragmented comet slammed into the Earth close to 12,800 years ago. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/jqs.3010, Bickerdike, H. L., Cofaigh, C., Evans, D. J. resize_tooltips(); . Thwaites Glacier if (scrollPosition < 40) { Cool summers, combined with cold winters and low precipitation, resulted in a treeless tundra up to the onset of the Holocene, when the boreal forests shifted north. Drift limits can be used alongside moraines to demarcate the maximum extent of the ice limits. elem.className = elem.className + ' _has_error'; In Great Britain, beetle fossil evidence suggests that the mean annual temperature dropped to 5C (23F),[20] and periglacial conditions prevailed in lowland areas, and icefields and glaciers formed in upland areas. Nature. This leads to a distinct difference in appearance in bedrock above and below the trimline. Photo: Tom Foster. This is an ArcGIS Online Map that shows the geomorphological evidence for glaciation and the reconstructed glaciers and ice caps. Then, in 10,500 BCE, The Younger Dryas event halted the warming, and plunged the Earth back into an ice age that lasted for 1,000 years. A study published in Science News (December 4 . Partin, J.W., T.M. The map also includes a . The hypothesis proposes that the airburst or impact of a comet 12,850 years ago caused the ensuing 1200-year-long Younger Dryas (YD) cool period and contributed to the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna in the Western . [28][29][30], Analyses of stable isotopes from Greenland ice cores provide estimates for the start and end of the Younger Dryas. Your email address will not be published. The five horizontal buttons are, in turn, Measure, Basemap, Legend, Layer, and Information (same as the Splash screen). ice flow The debate on what caused the prehistoric ice sheet melt has raged since the early 1900s. }; The cold periods have been recognized in sequence and relative magnitude in paleoclimatic records from Greenland ice cores, European lacustrine sediments, Atlantic Ocean sediments, and the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela. element.addEventListener(event, func); Jkulhlaups is the name given to glacial ice dams that burst. for (var i = 0; i < tooltips.length; i++) { "); Drumheller Channels, Wash. Try zooming in over some features on an area of the map (press shift and draw a square with the mouse). for (var i = 0; i < radios.length; i++) { } The ice-dam burst model remained and still remains most accepted. - warm water becomes cooler and increases its salinity by exchanging heat with the cooler air.
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