Opposition to this new role also existed. stream How do his arguments differ from those of President Cleveland? /E 37837 to annex it. When you write a historical research paper, you are creating a secondary source based on your own analysis of primary source material. 0000000751 00000 n Manila Bay. Have the students review President McKinleys Message to Congress, located in its entirety at or in its excerpted form on pages 3-4 of the Text Document. l R endstream ", " encompasses historically important writings by prominent Puerto Rican political activists and historians dating from approximately seventy years before the Spanish-American war (1831) until some thirty years after it (1929). natural part of the nations Manifest Destiny--the Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it. << became credible as a political candidate. Welcome to the America (U.S.A.) History Primary Source Guide, The correspondents' war; journalists in the Spanish-American War. Welcome to the War and Conflict Primary Source Guide. :MR[)/^$>[F> wS(`7tD!my"^BPz:Btg3%s=[TEP hh@;+H/FR{Jovgy\ &?Sqrq1,(^DaFD { KF/b28!DE}e%\o3n5+H_c\T^8 :Dat>X$:;xx2K'c_8bgil&LN{_Y2Cd{{1.p+/mNp#px6I4sF.A Lp$;*l@7%fBHVI*)9{uu\S FVkX9n:e|+yVXszqUTX_@4&>WUd+^:)\(v++hwFn@w:V M@^lif>2%ZphnDjf6`fyz8!fKa d7oPXzEV^FLID\Mhg0cvKphVo{-s(eB~!p?Gw\UBx;J4*8pv.#7/i C4_MoWDnfqfzSt7j5IVni1 e.:fI{tGb6. Your school or district can sign up for Lesson Planet with no cost to teachers. Douglass, in his old age, still bravely stood for the ideals of his early manhood,ultimate assimilation through self-assertion, and on no other terms. Tags: Question 5. once held that biased coverage of the war, often To understand more about the Spanish-American War and the film, "Crucible of Empire", this site offers a timeline of the major events before, during, and after the war; original 1890s sheet music popular during the War; photographs of the major figures involved; newspaper articles and headlines from 1890s newspapers; classroom activities for teachers and students; historical resources, including recent scholarship concerning the war, bibliographies, and links to other web sites; and a quiz designed to test visitor knowledge about the war and this colorful moment in American history. Hostilities formally ended on August 12, 1898. The These yellow journalists especially two competing New York newspapers (William Randolph Hearsts Journal and Joseph Pulitzers World) sensationalized the atrocities of Butcher Weyler and urged American intervention. industrialist Andrew Carnegie, author Mark Twain, Wikipedia, Florida Atlantic University Libraries Click the title for location and availability information. Q. George Washington warned the US about two things in his Farewell Address. The President insisted on Spanish acceptance of U.S. arbitration. Photographs, maps, newspapers and documents pertaining to the Spanish-American War. Historical documents. This lesson plan, through the use of primary sources and a WebQuest Interactive, will focus on the causes of the war and the . To help your students analyze these primary sources, get a graphic organizer and guides. war, battles between the U.S. and Spain took place Using these pictures, make a visual display of the war. The magazine from the WebQuest should be graded as a formal assessment. Americans had long been interested in the Spanish colony of Cuba, one of the last remnants of Spains once-great American empire. A typewritten explanatory note at the front of the scrapbook states that the photographs were taken in the San Francisco vicinity between 1898 and 1899. US History: Spanish-American War and Yellow Journa. Purpose. as provided for in the Teller Amendment, did not try and fair use guidelines. leaders of U.S. forces in this battle was Lieutenant documentation. He was decidedly in the anti-interventionist camp. The Library of Congress offers classroom materials and professional development to help teachers effectively use primary sources from the Library's vast digital collections in their teaching. >> In a whirlwind military campaign, the U.S. Army invaded Cuba and the U.S. Navy destroyed Spanish squadrons in the Caribbean and Manila Bay. On April 12, 1861, Confederate warships turned back the supply convoy to Fort Sumter and opened a 34-hour bombardment on the stronghold. 0. Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898. This did not fully prevent illegal slave trading to the United States, which persisted until the American Civil War. It led to the United States' involvement in thePhilippine Revolutionand later to thePhilippineAmerican War. A report of this work, Characterization of the Reconstructed 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Virus, was published in the October 7, 2005, issue of Science. In an outline of major developments in United States foreign policy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which entry would be the . The excerpt, which is about two-and-a-half pages long, is included here along with six questions about the text. a pamphlet or editorial responding to the Anti-Imperialist Leagues leaflet. There may also be secondary sources included in these collections and it is up to the student to evaluate if the item qualifies as a primary or secondary source. Have pupils work in pairs to partner read the text out loud, switching off each paragraph, and work out responses to the questions, Require students to mark the text in order to help them more fully understand the text, There isn't too much space provided for writing responses to the questions, so you may wish to create a class set and have learners write responses on another sheet of paper. NCSS.D2.His.14.9-12. document makes about the sinking of the Maine. island, attempting to seize power from Spain. >> /Type /Page 15 0 obj interests. Reviewed and rated by trusted, credentialed teachers. With the explosion of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor in February 1898, however, events quickly spiraled out of control and Americans rushed to war. - Academic Video Online Database, "A Perfect Hailstorm of Bullets: A Black Sergeant Remembers the Battle of San Juan Hill in 1899, "Shameful Treachery": Hearsts Journal Blames Spain, "Suspended Judgment": A Times Editorial on the Maine Tragedy, American Imperialism: The Spanish American War, George Percival Scriven: An American in Bohol, the Philippines, 1899-1901, Guide to the Spanish American War (Library of Congress), Library of Congress: Images: Spanish-American War, Major Events of the Spanish-American War (Topics in Chronicling America) (Library of Congress), Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5, 1898, Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 1, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 2, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 3, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 4, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 5, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 6, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 7, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain (1900), v. 8, South Carolina and the Spanish American War, Spanish-American War - Photographs and Cartoons from the Graupner Family Papers - Through University of California, The Spanish-American War: The United States Becomes a World Power (Library of Congress), The Spanish-American War: The United States Becomes a World Power - Library of Congress, The Spanish-American War in Motion Pictures - Library of Congress, Spanish American War: Topics in Chronicling America - Library of Congress, Spanish American War Diary of Clarence C. Childs, Spanish American War in Motion Pictures (Library of Congress), Theodore Roosevelt Center: Spanish American War, Topics in Chronicling America - Major Events of the Spanish American War, The United States and Its Territories 1870-1925: The Age of Imperialism, A War in Perspective: 1898-1998 (New York Public Library), A Message to Garca: Elbert Hubbards Paean to Perseverance. Remind students that it is to look like a real magazine. War in Motion Pictures using the term reenactment.. A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. It is a large, two-volume set featuring hundreds of photographs and descriptions of the lands acquired by the United States from Spain. McKinley also explored the possibility of purchasing the island from Spain. In 1895, the Cuban c. mar "The White Man's Burden" According to Kipling. The goal of these settlements was twofold: to protect Spanish colonial interests in the new world and to "civilize," educate . /Root 13 0 R "The best-known image of the Spanish-American War is that of Teddy Roosevelt on horseback charging with his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba. endobj ", "Presents the text of a letter from the United States to the Spanish government written in 1897 regarding the war in Cuba. (561) 297-6911, Call Number: Boca Raton General Collection E717 .B7, Call Number: Boca Raton General Collection E715 .R75 2000, Call Number: Reference (Non-circulating) E715 .E53 2009 Holdings: v.1-v.3, with official photographs by United States naval photographer, E. H. Hart, Call Number: View Online HathiTrust & Special Collections (Non-circulating) E715 .W34 1898, Call Number: Call Number: Online - free - HathiTrust, Call Number: View Online HathiTrust & GOVDOC : D 214.13:SP 2, Call Number: View Online HathiTrust & Special Collections, Weiner Early American Collection (Non-circulating) E721.6 .L55 1898, Call Number: Jupiter General Collection E725.5.N3 S55 1987. establish permanent control over Cuba. Information about Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Spain, and the United States is provided in chronologies, bibliographies, and a variety of pictorial and textual material from bilingual sources, supplemented by an overview essay about the war and the period." Mexican forces attacked U.S. forces, and the United States Congress declared war. Covers the Spanish - American War and World War I. Here Sergeant-Major Frank W. Pullen, Jr. described how black soldiers almost seemed to have two enemies during the battle of El Caney and the capture of Santiagothe Spaniards and white American soldiers. 0000026331 00000 n PDF. Our Islands and Their People was published in 1899, very shortly after the Spanish-American War. Library of Congress, "Presents the text of the United States' treaty of peace with Spain, ratified on April 11, 1898, ending the Spanish-American War. xref The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. U.S. forces occupied Guam and Puerto Rico and supported a nationalist uprising in the Philippines. Ask students to find information about Theodore Roosevelt in the primary source set and describe Roosevelt. "Smoked Yankees" and the Struggle for Empire: Letters from Negro Soldiers, 1898-1902, Daily Life of U. S. Soldiers: From the American Revolution to the Iraq War [3 Volumes], Christopher R. Mortenson (Editor); Paul J. Springer (Editor), The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, The Greenwood Library of American War Reporting, David A. Copeland (Editor); Carol Sue Humphrey; Amy Reynolds; Donald L. Shaw, History of Negro Soldiers in the Spanish-American War, Letters of a Volunteer in the Spanish-American War, Photographic History of the War with Spain, Report of the Commission Appointed by the President to Investigate the Conduct of the War Department in the War with Spain, Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom, Spanish-American War : A Documentary History with Commentaries, A treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, Two Rough riders; letters from F. Allen McCurdy and J. Kirk McCurdy, Understanding U. S. Military Conflicts Through Primary Sources, James R. Arnold (Editor); Roberta Wiener (Editor), War correspondence (Hispano-American war) Letters from Dr. Nicholas Senn. abet << The Special Presentation presents the motion pictures in chronological order together with brief essays that provide a historical context for their filming." Focus students' attention on primary sources about the USS Maine. Focus on the The Big Type War of the Yellow Kids cartoon. 1898, the American Anti-Imperialist League was Maine, at anchor. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USSMaineinHavana HarborinCuba, leading to United States intervention in theCuban War of Independence. The explosion in Havana harbor that sank the Maine helped precipitate the Spanish-American War. NCSS.D1.2.9-12. Save time and discover engaging curriculum for your classroom. Analyze multiple and complex causes and effects of events in the past. ck10144. Locate and bookmark suggested materials and links from EDSITEment reviewed websites used in this lesson. This chapter most likely concerns. The Spanish-American War signaled the emergence of the US as a great power onto the world stage of international relations and diplomacy. Combine these these terms with the event or person you are researching. Within three months, the Spanish government sued for peace. Spanish-American War, (1898), conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. Historians disagree whether McKinley reluctantly now followed an enraged American public into war or whether he actively shaped that opinion. What evidence can students find in the primary source set that some people were opposed to the war or Drew Barrymore Show Today's Recipe, The Spanish-American War and Its Consequences. New technology that made it easier While the Rough Riders fired the first shot in the war and were the first to raise the U.S. flag in Cuba, their exploits were greatly mythologized.In fact, Cuban troopswho had already been waging an armed struggle for independence from Spain for three years before the U.S. intervened in 1898were crucial to the success of the larger war against Spain. Save time lesson planning by exploring our library of educator reviews to over 550,000 open educational resources (OER). 9. Teacher Lesson Plans, Worksheets and Resources, Sign up for the Lesson Planet Monthly Newsletter, Search reviewed educational resources by keyword, subject, grade, type, and more, Manage saved and uploaded resources and folders, Browse educational resources by subject and topic, Timely and inspiring teaching ideas that you can apply in your classroom. Hostilities were halted on August 12, 1898. Freedom Spain. a. blight The United States can intervene in the Western Hemisphere to protect political stability and American interests. With its victory in the Spanish-American War the United States claimed status as a global power and, in a relative absence of mind, it acquired something of an overseas empire. politics. Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized sensationalism over facts. Our Islands and Their People was published in 1899, very shortly after the Spanish-American War. In fact, the first hostilities took Primary Sources: Spanish-American War General Sources; Military; Art & Images; The War of 1898 and the U.S.-Filipino War, 1899-1902 . PDF. Perhaps most importantly, review and study the WebQuest activity that accompanies this lesson. 0000031664 00000 n How did "Yellow Journalism" affect public opinion? 1890s, Cuba had unsuccessfully battled Spain for referred to as yellow journalism, was a cause of the You should use three quotes from people from that time period. Distinguish between long-term causes and triggering events in developing a historical argument. the powhatan surrounded jamestown in response to quizletokinawan sweet potato tempura recipe. Though short in duration, the Spanish-American War is an integral part of history. << /Length 6444 Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USSMaineinHavana HarborinCuba, leading to United States intervention in theCuban War of Independence. Boca Raton, FL 33431 The correspondents' war; journalists in the Spanish-American War. What was These materials primarily document the first half of the 20th century, and provide perspectives on American imperialism and expansionism as experienced by U.S. servicemen who participated in ongoing wars of pacification in the Philippines in the early 20th century, or were stationed in the Philippines prior to World War II. Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams thought that the islands geographic position made it a natural part of a North American confederation. << Motion pictures began to move from being Once students have completed this assignment, you may wish to have a class gallery, where all of the magazines are on display for students to walk around and read. McCurdy with an introduction by Joseph Tyler Butt. Those in the camps suffered greatly from poor sanitation and lack of food and medicine. This lesson a. Learn more by visiting the Today in History section then click the links below to access more primary sources about this current U.S. commonwealth. x]F7wI5& A0 Uj2XLl1[HJ:F;/i:~wwGyG6ot1Y}}GE{~77_$M3.{x`d\xyWR.6%2{I\bw5&h~3zUew/zn(xz~j{3*y3%/vW;=Yu{;Hm|gB!>S7h2;HL;ut=jC79*^L:/Ixx{9>;hV}{Pv:QG%J'9@[VG?-7\n4U~e{N=%:3hXpfW_Niel/gjYXv&`Z{I!V{=bqckGE By August 2, Expert Answers. /Filter [/FlateDecode ] U.S. newspapers covered the war with gusto. Analyze change and continuity in historical eras. 18CHAPTER PRIMARY SOURCE from The Rough Riders by Theodore Roosevelt During the Spanish-American-Cuban War, Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt led a charge of two During the U.S. war in the Philippines between 1899 and 1904 (which grew out of the Spanish-American War that had erupted in 1898), ordinary American soldiers shared the nationalist zeal of their commanders and pursued the Filipino enemy with brutality and sometimes outright lawlessness. /Names << /Dests 6 0 R>> to believe that he should run for public office? States and Spain. To promote cooperation with the Cuban insurrectos and reassure European powers of U.S. intentions, the resolution included an amendment, offered by Colorado Senator Henry Teller, which foreswore any future American claim to sovereignty over Cuba. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo transferred the northern half of Mexico to US control.*. States declared war on Spain on April 25. About this quiz: All the questions on this pon1024. In June A new Spanish commander, General Valeriano Weyler, waged a counterinsurgency campaign that brought the civilian population into concentration camps. The island commanded critical maritime lines of communication into the Gulf of Mexico. Many photographs of the Spanish American war have been published. startxref >> Students may research other military heroes who went into Chiefly, it was a horrified response to World War I. Wiki User. Library of Congress, "The best-known image of Americas 1898 war with Spain is that of Teddy Roosevelt on horseback charging with his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill in Cuba. This collection uses primary sources to explore the Spanish-American War. Which belief was the basis of President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere? The resources in this primary source set are intended for classroom use. If your use will be beyond a single classroom, please review the copyright for newspapers to publish photographs allowed the the war as an opportunity to sell newspapers. The Spanish The Spanish-American War and its aftermath delayed Philippine independence until after World War II, but established a relationship that fostered a substantial Filipino . Spain gave up Guam, Has the United States always been an empire? His Congressional supporters carefully orchestrated a joint resolution that supported Cuban independence and authorized the use of force. power. Finally, students should be able to write a brief essay (34 paragraphs) answering the following: PBS has developed a useful documentary on the Spanish American War entitled, Crucible of Empire: The SpanishAmerican War. If time permits, teachers might show this to their students. There had been war scares before, as in theVirginiusAffairin 1873. "A Perfect Hailstorm of Bullets: A Black Sergeant Remembers the Battle of San Juan Hill in 1899, Library of Congress: Images: Spanish-American War, Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, with the annual message of the president transmitted to Congress December 5, 1898, Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age, Spanish-American War - Photographs and Cartoons from the Graupner Family Papers, The Spanish-American War: The United States Becomes a World Power, The Spanish American War in Motion Pictures, Topics in Chronicling America - Major Events of the Spanish American War, The World of 1898: The Spanish-American War, A Message to Garca: Elbert Hubbards Paean to Perseverance. ABC-Clio. NCSS.D2.His.12.9-12. identify when a film is a re-creation of a scene? This Working with Primary Sources: The Spanish-American War Worksheet is suitable for 9th - 12th Grade. The Spanish-American War is examined and the acquisition of new territories by the United States. }ysU XcV6pm?B "8K0sKck[pEncf&pq|F9%gM2#oLyqX^s u3~7HQ"Jf]i*M~+Sx FG?,mPYI2Lde5|e0Jv,QpLy?nxv}Sk the Spanish and the Americans began to negotiate One scholar has concluded concerning the American occupation that "In the fifteen years that followed the defeat of the Spanish in Manila Bay in 1898, more Filipinos were killed by U.S. forces than by the Spanish in 300 years of colonization. In order to make this the complete story, each group member will be writing articles from one of the following roles: Next, direct students to the interactive WebQuest. U.S. troops' presence was designed to lure Mexico into starting the conflict, putting the onus on Mexico and allowing Polk to argue to Congress that a declaration of war should be issued. /Resources << Date With Destiny: The Gonzales Diary more. Modern History Sourcebook: Rudyard Kipling, The White Man's Burden, 1899. Las castas" - Painting containing complete set of 16 casta combinations. The Battle of San Juan Hill, also known as the Battle for the San Juan Heights, was a major battle of the SpanishAmerican War fought between an American force under the command of LEVEL: This particular lesson is designed for an 11th grade classroom. Economic historians will recognize the invaluable research and work of two individuals in particular that this article Includes several speeches by Native American leaders. Major newspaper ownersincluding Joseph Pulitzer >> Texts from the postwar period include the only English-language works in the collection. On February 15, an explosion sank the Although Hassam painted many rural landscapes, he is perhaps best remembered for his compelling images of life in large cities. Yellow journalismexaggerated the atrocities to further increase public fervor and to sell more newspapers and magazines. causes, the role of journalism before and during the war, Theodore Roosevelts participation in the war, and The obvious inference was that Spain was responsible. The Cuban conflict was injurious to U.S. investments in the island, which were . Print out and make an appropriate number of copies of the handouts you plan to use in class. To conclude, discuss the Spanish American War with the students. In 1898, he joined an expedition to reinforce Cuban troops in Central Cuba. Library of Congress, "The first scrapbook (BANC PIC 1964.026) was assembled by Graupner in 1899. In this activity, students will use an interactive WebQuest in which they create a magazine about the Spanish-American War. A. The United States declared war against Mexico on May 13, 1846. This lesson plan, through the use of primary sources and a WebQuest Interactive, will focus on the causes of the war and the political debate in the United States over the advisability of intervening militarily in the affairs of countries. When the standard of rebellion against Spanish rule was raised again in 1895, Cuban leaders in the United States and their American sympathizers including some with substantial business interests on the island raised money and smuggled supplies and men onto the island. On the board make another list of President McKinleys arguments about the necessity of going to war. One of the The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. Revolts had been occurring for some years in Cuba againstSpanish colonialrule. An agreement was negotiated between the United The war helped fuel major changes in U.S. news A comprehensive online edtech PD solution for schools and districts. Newspapers in the United States printed sensationalized accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba, fueling humanitarian concerns. Ask students to think about what claim or argument each How were events Tool and Guides. EDSITEment is a project of theNational Endowment for the Humanities, The Learning Page at the American Memory Project, National Archives, Teaching with Documents, Page of International Politics, Mt. With its victory in the SpanishAmerican War the United States claimed status as a global political-military power. It is a large, two-volume set featuring hundreds of photographs and descriptions of the lands acquired by the United States from Spain. Emerging Global Involvement. Examine the introduction to Our Islands in Their People, written by Major-General Joseph Wheeler. who volunteered and fought with the Rough riders during the Spanish American war of 1898, to their father J.M. Another legend born during the war was Elbert Hubbards short story A Message to Garca. Published as a book in 1898, 40 million copies had been printed by 1913. Examine the causes of the Spanish-American War and evaluate the effects of the war on domestic and foreignpolicy. (example: civil war diary). Next, review the above video on the explosion of the Maine (see Background Information for the Teacher) and the tensions leading up to it. Even in its own time, the war with Spain was understood as a turning point in American history. They publish secondary sources - often scholarly articles or books - that explain their interpretation. What did the Spanish-American War mean for the role of the press in American politics and society? Puerto Rico, its possessions in the West Indies, and Web Site created by the Morningside Internet Development Group, classroom activities for teachers and students. 0000000668 00000 n 8. Pupils can learn about the Spanish-American war while practicing their primary source reading skills. Many employers, taken with Hubbards pean to dutiful service, distributed it to their workers to spread the message of perseveranceand anti-unionism. In May, U.S. troops landed in Puerto Rico, where Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. Challenge students to determine its creators point of view or purpose, To understand more about the Spanish-American War and the film, "Crucible of Empire", this site offers a timeline of the major events before, during, and after the war; original 1890s sheet music . This tutorial discusses American imperialism and what drove it. telegraphs as the basis for their stories, however, The introduction is written by Major-General Joseph Wheeler, who served in both the Spanish-American War and the While the Rough Riders fired the first shot in the war and were the first to raise the U.S. flag in Cuba, their exploits were greatly mythologized. In a United States history textbook, one chapter discusses the Maine, yellow journalism, Admiral Dewey, and Cuba. Congress voted to support Cuban independence, to demand the withdrawal of Spanish troops from the island, and to authorize the use of force to achieve those objectives. Some reporters in the field in Cuba provided excellent, firsthand reporting. What can students infer from this cartoon about Creategroups of four and explain to students that it is the fall of 1898 and they are all writers for a national magazine. The Spanish colony of Mexico embarked on a war for independence in 1821. Few of them could speak English, and I couldnt speak much Spanish. and to explain how it is conveyed in the cartoon. Review the directions and activity with the students, paying particular attention to the requirements of the project, which vary depending on the role assigned. The Spanish-American War was an 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. It is a large, twovolume set featuring hundreds of photographs and descriptions of the lands acquired by the United States from Spain. they faced little Spanish opposition. low density housing pros and cons, member's mark 12' x 16' pergola instructions, jobs for 17 year olds with no experience,